Demand And Supply Of Labour Essay - 1136 Words

Name: Sharajit Kaur Student ID: AAP3022 Demand and supply of Labour in Economics development Introduction Labour is an important factor not only in production, but in all other economic activities. Classical economists like Ricardo and Karl Marx gave prime place to labour as the main source of production. Labour is a basis of not only consumption and production, but also it serves as a basis of exchange. It is a mobile factor and brings in use the other factors of production like land and capital. The total numbers of jobs which have taken centre stage with numbers of people not having job on a global scale are considered in those nations which have more economic crisis. Including this, this is a fact that nations which have economic growth are also experiencing tense labour relations. Good policies for labour business could be designed and bought in action only by determining the determinants of good labour relations (Wang, 2012). Sometime the labour market is abused by the management prevailing system which makes markets unclear due to which market is always influenced by a state of disequilibrium. This issue requires serious attention from Government. Therefore, authorities, the capitalists and labour all appear as more important elements of labour market. These all could play a significant role to determine the labour demand and labour supply. The aim of this paper is to discuss the determinants of labour on both the supply-side and demand-side market and to provideShow MoreRelatedThe Labor Market1304 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctioning and dynamics of the markets for labour. Labor markets function through the interaction of workers and employers. Labour economics looks at the suppliers of labor services (workers), the demands of labour services (employers), and attempts to understand the resulting pattern of wages, employment, and income. There are three main groups of actors or participants in the labour market: individuals, firms (or employers), and the government. Individuals make labour market decisions concerning whetherRead MoreHow Wages are Determined in a Perfectly Competitive Labour Market1110 Words   |  5 PagesCompetitive Labour Market As in other markets, the supply and demand of labour determines the price (wage rate) and the quantity (number of people employed). The labour market is different from other markets (like the markets for goods) in several ways. The most important of these differences is the function of supply and demand in setting price and quantity. In markets for goods, if the price is high, in the long run more goods will probably be produced until the demand is satisfiedRead MoreExplain how wages are currently determined in Australia; roles of employer associations, trade unions and industrial tribunal in Australias labour markets.1300 Words   |  6 PagesWages in Australia are currently determined by the interaction of demand and supply of labour in the labour markets. The wage rate is the equilibrium of demand and supply of labour. At the point, the amount of labour supplied is equal to the amount of labour demanded. If the real wage rate is above this point, then there is excess supply of labour, thus causing unemployment. The unemployed people would then be willing to work at a lower wage, hence put downward pressure on the wage rate which eventuallyRead MoreDemand Supply , Examine the Argument in Favour Against Minimum Wage Law in Uk1415 Words   |  6 PagesArmaan Nehal. N. Panchasara (ID no: ST0005944) Masters of Business Administration Assignment: A * (Using Demand Supply: examine the arguments in favour against minimum wage law in UK*) * *Total words: 1,402 Demand It refers to the willingness and ability of buyers to purchase goods and services at different prices. Supply It refers to the willingness and ability of sellers to provide goods and services for sale at different prices Read MoreHow Apple Inc. s Production Function1191 Words   |  5 Pagesof Labor Any firm’s production function relates to its marginal product of labour. The production function is used to explain the relationship between the quantity of the inputs used in the production process, and the firm’s production capacity in relation to other factors of production such as labour and capital. The marginal product of labour is the increase in the amount of output from an increase in unit labour supply. Therefore, the production function is given by Q=f (L, K). Taking an exampleRead MoreFactors Influencing Unemployment700 Words   |  3 Pageswhen the supply and demand for human resources or labour is out of balance. Supply and demand are influenced by a range of forces that are the result of the interaction of economic, structural and policy factors. Economic Factors Economic factors affect both the supply and demand sides of labour. Demand for goods and services stimulate production which, in turn, generates employment. The resulting demand for workers affects the supply side as more workers are attracted to a vibrant labour marketRead MoreEssay on operations in hilti company1056 Words   |  5 PagesIndicate the effect of this event on supply and / or on demand. 2. Analyse what will happen to market equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in the short run. 3. If wages are expected to continue at higher levels, analyse what will happen to market equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in the long run. The competitive market is one of the type of economic market structure. In a competitive market the price is determined through the forces of demand and supply. The following essay the effectsRead MoreMinimum Benefits Of Minimum Wage1359 Words   |  6 Pageswork/services performed during a given tenure, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract†. Minimum wage can be established by statute, competent decision authority, a wage board, a wage council, or by industrial or labour courts.   The significance of minimum wage is to shield workers against disproportionately low pay. They help safeguard an equitable and just share of the fruits of progress to all, and a minimum living wage to all who are employed and in need of suchRead MoreMinimum Benefits Of Minimum Wages1399 Words   |  6 Pageswork/services performed during a given tenure, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract†. Minimum wages can be established by statute, competent decision authority, a wage board, a wage council, or by industrial or labour courts.   The significance of minimum wages is to shield workers against disproportionately low pay. They help safeguard an equitable and just share of the fruits of progress to all, and a minimum living wage to all who are employed and in need ofRead MoreArguments for and Against the Minimum Wage in the Uk1137 Words   |  5 PagesKingdom with a written, verbal or implied contract, qualify for the NMW. The relationship between Demand and Supply: Arguments in favour of the NMW: Diagram showing potential earnings from the NMW: {draw:frame} Diagram showing increasing demand for Normal goods: {draw:frame} Reduced labour turnover, raised productivity: Economic benefit for the country: Monopsonistic labour markets: A monopsony occurs when one buyer faces many sellers in a market. The buyer thus controls

Airport Security the Post 9/11 Age Free Essays

Airport Security: The Post 9/11 Age Airport security in the world we live in today is drastically different then the security we knew before the events of September 11, 2001, when four passenger airliners were high-jacked over the skies of the United States, causing a global terror pandemic that still has long lasting effects today. We will look at, discuss and break down some of the key features of airport security in Canada as well as the United States, that have been improved, as well as certain security programs and features which were freshly implemented as a direct result. We will discuss â€Å"no-fly lists,† personnel training and armament, and the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority or â€Å"CATSA,† including their security screening techniques and procedures (screening, responsibilities, Air Marshalls). We will write a custom essay sample on Airport Security: the Post 9/11 Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now The â€Å"No-Fly List† was created shortly after the events of 9/11, by the United States government’s Terrorist Screening Center (TSC). The list includes the names of people who are deemed unsafe, or a threat to Airline security and are no longer permitted to board a commercial airline for the purpose of travel coming in or out of the United States. The list now contains roughly 10,000 names (2011), the number people on the list fluctuates based on threat, and intelligence reporting. Canada also has a similar list called the â€Å"Passenger Protect,† a similar initiative to that of the United States list, implemented on June 18, 2007 in order to identify people who could be a threat to the security of aviation, and prevent them from boarding Canadian domestic flights as well as International flights to or from Canada. The Passenger Protect program has two main parts: a set of â€Å"Identity Screening Regulations† which requires all passengers 18 years of age and older to present a valid form of government-issued Identification in order to board a flight, as well as a â€Å"Specified Persons List† which has a name, birth date, and gender of the individuals believed to pose a security threat. The list contains roughly 1,250 names. Individuals who have been denied boarding and are in fact on the list can submit an appeal to a branch of Transport Canada, called the Office of Reconsideration. The program works by the government supplying the Specified Persons List to Airlines, who then compare names of people on the list with individuals who intend on boarding flights. When the airline finds a name match, they then reference the individual’s government-issued identification to confirm. The identification is then once more confirmed in person at the airport check-in area, when a confirmation has been established Transport Canada is immediately notified. Training is also provided by Transport Canada to the airlines to teach staff and agents how to implement the ID verification process, and establish procedures to ensure the rights of the passengers are respected. Of course with a system like this, controversy is brought up by civil liberty organizations citing their concerns for civil liberties, racial profiling, privacy, and the perceived failure of the no-fly list created in the United States. In the United States, several anomalies’ referred to as â€Å"false positives† have risen. A â€Å"false positive† happens when an individual who is actually not on the no-fly list, has a name matching or similar to a name on the list. One notable case of a false positive includes a United States Marine in April of 2006, who was flying home from Iraq when he was prohibited from boarding his flight home, as his name matched one on the no-fly list. The lists, although very controversial both here in Canada and in the United States play an important role in establishing airport/airline safety and security, and ensuring an event such as the attacks on September 11, 2001 will not re-occur. Secondly, the way Security Personnel are trained and armed has been drastically affected in the post 9/11 world. In the United States, immediately after the attacks for several weeks to months afterwards, fully armed guards, either Local Police or National Guard would patrol airports in full tactical gear wielding assault rifles or tactical shotguns. In Canada the response was similar, however not as fully extended as in the United States. In Canada today, the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) which is thoroughly explained in the next topic, handles all screening procedures by hiring third party private security firms to conduct screening. Our general airport security providing safety is executed by local Police forces. The RCMP once used to handle all general airport security, now only handles a few airports including Edmonton International Airport. Edmonton International Airport has a detachment of the RCMP located on site to ensure a quick and proper response to emergencies, ecurity and policing needs. The Police members on site are trained in emergency preparedness in order to be able to respond to a wide range of situations, including terrorism attacks. In addition to human Police officers, many airports such as Edmonton’s, implement canine members for certain situations such as sniffing out drugs, weapons, people, and explosives. In Edmonton specifically, at the RCMP airport detachment, the y have Badge, a German Sheppard trained in attacking criminals, searching for lost people or baggage, as well as the ability to sniff out 15 different explosives. As well as the main goal of airport security of keeping a safe and problem free environment, security also includes Emergency Response Services (ERS). Fire and medical services are always ready at a moment’s notice 24 hours a day, 365 days a year for emergencies such as fires, aircraft mayday emergencies, and terrorist attacks. The Emergency Response Services are always highly trained and outfitted with top of the line vehicles and equipment to deal with any situation, and all have requirements and policies on stringent response times. An example of the preparedness by the ERS in Edmonton is their ability to make it from the fire hall located on site to the mid-point on the furthest runway in 3 minutes. Finally, as a direct result of the attacks of September 11, 2001 we seen the formation of the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority or â€Å"CATSA,† in December 2001, introduced by then Finance Minister Paul Martin, which included a very comprehensive plan aimed at enhancing economic and personal security in Canada. In April of 2002 CATSA took over responsibility of passenger and employee screening, although they still hire private security companies to do much of the screening, CATSA still oversees training and equipment available. CATSA states their mission is â€Å"to protect the public by securing critical elements of the air transportation system†¦ † Their responsibilities can be grouped into four major areas; Pre-board screening, hold baggage screening, non-passenger screening, and Restricted Area Identity Cards. Pre-board screening is done by Private Security firms hired and governed by CATSA, their tasks include getting all carry-on items coming onto an aircraft to go through X-ray, individuals must then pass through metal detectors and physical searches can and will be executed if an alarm is raised either through the metal detector, or random selection. Full body scanners are also used to reveal weapons, objects or explosives hidden under or within clothing. CATSA also implements the use of Explosive Detection Trace (EDT) technology at security checkpoints; this involves a quick swabbing of carry-on items or hands to test for explosives. Hold-Baggage Screening (HBS) is another major area of CATSA, this is what happens to our baggage once it has been checked in and is on its way to be loaded onto the aircraft. This is the process of screening all checked baggage using a combination of state-of-the-art explosive detection technology, as well as highly trained security personnel. During HBS the density of baggage is tested as well as additional testing for trace amounts of chemicals. HBS is currently in full deployment in 89 airports across Canada since 2006, for all domestic and international flights. CATSA is responsible for the instillation, deployment and renovations of HBS systems as well as regulatory compliance monitoring. Another major area of CATSA is non-passenger screening (NPS), this is required by Transport Canada starting back in 2004 and involves the random screening of people who work at the airports, these people can include flight crews, airport crews, caterers, maintenance workers, and baggage handlers. This subjects employees to unpredictable security screenings at entry points within airport restricted areas, the screening process is similar to that of the passenger screening, and also includes an Identification check. CATSA states that they screen 2,500 employees a day out of the 100,000 employees who have access to secure areas in Canadian airports. They also state that this program is continually evolving, as the only constant is â€Å"the cooperation needed between screening officers and non-passengers. † The fourth noted area of CATSA is the Restricted Area Identity Card (RAIC) program, which is constantly advancing through the use of biometric scanners. The RAIC program uses state-of-the-art duel biometric scanner identification programs to ensure the identity of the personnel who have restricted access. The program includes cards with built-in microchips to store biometric information of fingerprint and iris scanner templates. The RAIC program has been fully functional since January 31, 2007 in over 28 major airports in Canada. It’s notable that the biometric technology used here is also utilized in non-passenger screening and these two programs work in conjunction with one another. CATSA also jointly implements the Canadian Air Carrier Protective Program (CACPP) with Transport Canada; this program is similar to that of the U. S. Sky Marshall Program. This program strategically places highly trained, armed, undercover RCMP members, also known as In-Flight Security Officers (IFSOs), on Canadian registered commercial airliners. IFSOs mandate is to be able to successfully prevent the aircraft from being taken over by an unauthorized individual(s), as well as gather and interpret intelligence on terrorist and criminal activity within civil aviation. In conclusion, airport security in North America and the world will continue to grow and prosper. In the post 9/11 world today, policies and procedures will only grow tighter and more stringent in an effort to prevent terrorism. From no-fly lists created to prevent the wrong people from boarding passenger planes, to tighter and better trained local Police and Security personnel on the front lines preforming screening, security and emergency response services. To government initiatives like the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority providing important and well-rounded security systems from x-ray scanners to In-Flight Security Officers, the airline industry has never been more stringent in counter terrorism. References Airport screening: 9/11 response. (n. d. ). In CBC News; the fifth estate. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. cbc. ca/fifth/fastenseatbelts/security. html No fly list. (n. d. ). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/No_Fly_List Passenger Protect. (n. d. ). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Passenger_Protect Security Screening. (n. d. ). In Canadian air transport security authority. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. atsa-acsta. gc. ca/Page. aspx? ID=7pname=Screening_Controlelang=en Canadian air carrier protective program. (n. d. ). In Transport Canada. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. tc. gc. ca/eng/aviationsecurity/page-186. htm Gazette magazine – the canadian air carrier protective program . (n. d. ). In RCMP-GRC. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. rcmp-grc. gc. ca/gazette/vol70n3/air-eng. htm Emergency response. (n. d. ). In Fly EIA. Retri eved October 25, 2012, from http://www. flyeia. com/emergency_response. aspx How to cite Airport Security: the Post 9/11 Age, Essay examples

Perception Innovativeness Shopping In India -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Perception Innovativeness Shopping In India? Answer: Introducation According to Laudon and Laudon (2016), the use of technology in the modern world has become very important in the business and especially in the banking sector. The banking sector in the modern world is too much dependent on the use of technology so that it can help in efficiently managing the bank accounts of the customers. The use of technology has also bought some problems and challenges such as external threats that need to be dealt cautiously. The researchers Reaves et al., (2015), was of the view that the increase in the cyber frauds along with the unintentional acts of the employees have led to secure the data in a confidential manner so that it cannot be used for misguiding activities. Most of the banks nowadays are exposed to the risk of cyber attacks, as there may be security breach of the privacy of data due to the various online modes of payments and the use of ATM cards. The number of attacks in the financial services has increased by four-folds than the other industries that are operating on a global manner. Thesis statement The major problem of the banks nowadays is to protect the data from the various fraudulent activities that are taking place in the world recently. This paper will aim to discuss the privacy and security issues that are faced by the banks with the change in the time so that it can be counter measured in an efficient manner in retaining the data that are present with the banks. Privacy Issues In the contemporary period of internet banking communication has become easier along with the exchange of huge set of data. That is why privacy concern is also important as no person can be trusted with the public networks without proper verification. Bhasin (2015) was of the view that most of the banks are trying to tighten the grasp of security in their work mechanisms so that the gaps between them can be filled properly. They are using the method of encrypting the data with passwords, Secured Socket Layer (SSL) and the use of User Awareness Programs, which might provide some resistance to the fraudulent activities that are being carried against the banks. Cyber Security attacks on banks As per Thakur and Srivastava (2015), the challenges that are being faced by the banks include the issues related to privacy, which includes the sharing of the information that is personal in nature. The sharing of the information with the third parties allows them in accessing the information of various personnel so that it can be used for the purpose of marketing and the numbers on the cards can be derived without the consent of the user. The collection of the personal data and information of the consumers will lead to blackmailing the people by the fraudsters. Venkatesh, Rathi and Patwa (2015) pointed out that another problem that is associated with the cyber attacks on the banks is known as Phishing, which is an attempt that is made to obtain the information that is sensitive in nature. The fraudulent activities will result in getting access to the details of the credit card holder along with the passwords and usernames of the consumers. This is commonly carried out by messaging on an instant manner along with the spoofing that is done through e-mails. The access to the online information by the fraudsters will help them in gaining access to the bank details from where the money can be transferred without the knowledge of the consumers. Apart from this, Srivastava and Gopalkrishnan (2015) opined that there is another problem that is known as cross site scripting (XSS), which is usually applied in the application on the web where the injections of codes are done in the web pages of the users so that it can be viewed by other users as well. This vulnerability is used by the fraudsters so that it can help in exploiting the consumers by bypassing their information so that they can gain the access to control their systems (Iibf.org.in, 2018). Another problem as opined by Laudon and Laudon (2016) was that the banks are facing is known as Pharming where the user will be redirected to a fake site when they try to access an original site. This is done by changing the files that are present in the computer of the host or by using the theory of exploitation by increasing the level of vulnerability in the DNS server software. Data retention problems in data security Inukollu, Arsi and Ravuri (2014) argued that the acceptance of the challenges in the security system by the banks are becoming more complex with the passage of time, as most of the banks are trying to tighten their mechanisms of security with respect to the various activities that are taking place against them. They are using different counter measures such as anti-hacking and anti-key logging technology so that the data can be retained within the system. These counter measures will help in securing the safety of the banks so that the use of One Time Password (OTP) can be encouraged among the customers (Banking.apacciooutlook.com, 2018). Moreover, Roy and Venkateswaran (2014) were of the view that malware is another software program that is used by the fraudsters so that they can change the computer system without the consent of the owner or the user. It is inclusive of Trojan horses, worms and viruses so that it can result in influencing the confidentiality and availability of the system of banking. It has the ability to compromise the information within the system of banking so that it can result in loss of millions of rupees from the banks. The use of this software can be done to target the bank or the system of the user as well (Dsci.in, 2018). Counter measures used by the banks The banks are using the technology of database encryption so that it can prevent the internal employees from using the sensitive data who have access to the databases. The use of Transparent Data Encryption has helped the banks in encrypting the data within the database system by applying an asymmetric or a symmetric approach so that the encryption key can be used to store the master database of the banks (Thakur Srivastava, 2015). The Indian banks are also removing the unwanted data that are no longer being used within the system so that it does not unnecessarily compromise the security of the data. The retention and archiving the data will help the banks in ensuring that the data can be safely stored within a dedicated environment (Reaves et al., 2015). Kiljan et al., (2017) pointed out that they are highly encouraging in using the system of SSL, which helps in establishing a secured connection between the client and the server. It works by creating an encrypted link between the browser and the server and the information that is sensitive such as the number on the credit cards can be secured with the use of SSL. The SSL communication can be established in to the system if the server of the bank has a Certifying Authority (CA), which constitutes of a pair of keys that is one public and private key each. There exists a third key as well known as the session key, which needs to be exchanged between the browser and the server so that the connection can be secured between the private and the public key. Apart from these counter measures; Roy and Venkateswaran (2014) were of the view that the banks have to assess the risks that they are facing on a continuous manner with respect to the size, setup and the operations of business in an efficient manner. This will help in eradicating the risks that may result in effective controls of the security and the threats of identity. These loopholes can be measured and better designs can be implemented within the Indian banking system so that it can help in keeping a check on the fraudulent activities that are happening within the system (Ijcaonline.org, 2018). Reference List Banking.apacciooutlook.com. (2018).Data Security And Privacy Concerns For The Indian Banking Industry. [online] Available at: https://banking.apacciooutlook.com/cxoinsights/data-security-and-privacy-concerns-for-the-indian-banking-industry-nwid-44.html [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Bhasin, M. L. (2015). Menace of frauds in the Indian banking industry: an empirical study. Dsci.in. (2018).State of data security and privacy in the Indian banking industry. [online] Available at: https://www.dsci.in/sites/default/files/DSCI%20-%20KPMG%20Banking%20Survey%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Iibf.org.in. (2018).SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES IN E-BANKING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CUSTOMERS PERCEPTION. [online] Available at: https://www.iibf.org.in/documents/reseach-report/Tejinder_Final%20.pdf [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Ijcaonline.org. (2018).Challenges in Privacy and Security in Banking Sector and Related Countermeasures. [online] Available at: https://www.ijcaonline.org/archives/volume144/number3/zahoor-2016-ijca-910173.pdf [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Inukollu, V. N., Arsi, S., Ravuri, S. R. (2014). Security issues associated with big data in cloud computing.International Journal of Network Security Its Applications,6(3), 45. Kiljan, S., Simoens, K., Cock, D. D., Eekelen, M. V., Vranken, H. (2017). A survey of authentication and communications security in online banking.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),49(4), 61. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2016).Management information system. Pearson Education India. Reaves, B., Scaife, N., Bates, A. M., Traynor, P., Butler, K. R. (2015, August). Mo (bile) Money, Mo (bile) Problems: Analysis of Branchless Banking Applications in the Developing World. InUSENIX Security Symposium(pp. 17-32). Roy, S., Venkateswaran, P. (2014, March). Online payment system using steganography and visual cryptography. InElectrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2014 IEEE Students' Conference on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Srivastava, U., Gopalkrishnan, S. (2015). Impact of big data analytics on banking sector: Learning for Indian banks.Procedia Computer Science,50, 643-652. Thakur, R., Srivastava, M. (2015). A study on the impact of consumer risk perception and innovativeness on online shopping in India.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,43(2), 148-166. Venkatesh, V. G., Rathi, S., Patwa, S. (2015). Analysis on supply chain risks in Indian apparel retail chains and proposal of risk prioritization model using Interpretive structural modeling.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,26, 153-167.